Authentication Results

VaultSandbox validates email authentication for every received email, providing detailed SPF, DKIM, DMARC, and reverse DNS results.

What is Email Authentication?

Email authentication helps verify that an email:

Came from the claimed sender domain (SPF)
Wasn’t modified in transit (DKIM)
Complies with the domain’s policy (DMARC)
Came from a legitimate mail server (Reverse DNS)

AuthResults Object

Every email has an authResults property:

Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

AuthResults auth = email.getAuthResults();

System.out.println(auth.getSpf());       // SPF result
System.out.println(auth.getDkim());      // DKIM results (list)
System.out.println(auth.getDmarc());     // DMARC result
System.out.println(auth.getReverseDns()); // Reverse DNS result

SPF (Sender Policy Framework)

Verifies the sending server is authorized to send from the sender’s domain.

SPF Result Structure

SpfResult spf = email.getAuthResults().getSpf();

if (spf != null) {
    System.out.println(spf.getResult());  // "pass", "fail", "softfail", etc.
    System.out.println(spf.getDomain());  // Domain checked
    System.out.println(spf.getIp());      // IP address being validated
    System.out.println(spf.getDetails()); // Additional explanation
}

SPF Status Values

Status	Meaning
`pass`	Sending server is authorized
`fail`	Sending server is NOT authorized
`softfail`	Probably not authorized (policy says ~all)
`neutral`	Domain makes no assertion
`temperror`	Temporary error during check
`permerror`	Permanent error in SPF record
`none`	No SPF record found

SpfResult Properties

Property	Type	Description
`result`	`String`	SPF check result: pass, fail, softfail, neutral, none, temperror, permerror
`domain`	`String`	Domain being checked
`ip`	`String`	IP address of the sending server
`details`	`String`	Additional explanation about the result

SpfResult Methods

Method	Return Type	Description
`getResult()`	`String`	Returns the SPF result
`getDomain()`	`String`	Returns the checked domain
`getIp()`	`String`	Returns the sending server IP
`getDetails()`	`String`	Returns additional explanation

SPF Example

Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

SpfResult spf = email.getAuthResults().getSpf();
if (spf != null) {
    assertThat(spf.getResult()).isEqualTo("pass");
    assertThat(spf.getDomain()).isEqualTo("example.com");

    System.out.printf("SPF %s for %s%n", spf.getResult(), spf.getDomain());
}

DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)

Cryptographically verifies the email hasn’t been modified and came from the claimed domain.

DKIM Result Structure

List<DkimResult> dkim = email.getAuthResults().getDkim(); // List of results

if (dkim != null && !dkim.isEmpty()) {
    for (DkimResult result : dkim) {
        System.out.println(result.getResult());    // "pass", "fail", "none"
        System.out.println(result.getDomain());    // Signing domain
        System.out.println(result.getSelector());  // DKIM selector
        System.out.println(result.getSignature()); // DKIM signature info
    }
}

Note: An email can have multiple DKIM signatures (one per signing domain).

DKIM Status Values

Status	Meaning
`pass`	Signature is valid
`fail`	Signature is invalid
`none`	No DKIM signature found

DkimResult Properties

Property	Type	Description
`result`	`String`	DKIM verification result: pass, fail, none
`domain`	`String`	Signing domain
`selector`	`String`	DKIM selector (identifies the public key in DNS)
`signature`	`String`	DKIM signature information

DkimResult Methods

Method	Return Type	Description
`getResult()`	`String`	Returns the DKIM result
`getDomain()`	`String`	Returns the signing domain
`getSelector()`	`String`	Returns the DKIM selector
`getSignature()`	`String`	Returns DKIM signature info

DKIM Example

Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

List<DkimResult> dkim = email.getAuthResults().getDkim();
if (dkim != null && !dkim.isEmpty()) {
    DkimResult first = dkim.get(0);

    assertThat(first.getResult()).isEqualTo("pass");
    assertThat(first.getDomain()).isEqualTo("example.com");

    System.out.printf("DKIM %s (%s._domainkey.%s)%n",
        first.getResult(), first.getSelector(), first.getDomain());
}

Check If Any DKIM Signature Passes

List<DkimResult> dkim = email.getAuthResults().getDkim();
boolean anyPass = dkim != null && dkim.stream()
    .anyMatch(d -> "pass".equalsIgnoreCase(d.getResult()));

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication)

Checks that SPF or DKIM align with the From address and enforces the domain’s policy.

DMARC Result Structure

DmarcResult dmarc = email.getAuthResults().getDmarc();

if (dmarc != null) {
    System.out.println(dmarc.getResult());   // "pass", "fail", "none"
    System.out.println(dmarc.getDomain());   // Domain checked
    System.out.println(dmarc.getPolicy());   // Domain's policy
    System.out.println(dmarc.getAligned());  // Whether SPF/DKIM align with From header
    System.out.println(dmarc.isAligned());   // Convenience: true if aligned
}

DMARC Status Values

Status	Meaning
`pass`	DMARC check passed (SPF or DKIM aligned)
`fail`	DMARC check failed
`none`	No DMARC policy found

DMARC Policies

Policy	Meaning
`none`	No action (monitoring only)
`quarantine`	Treat suspicious emails as spam
`reject`	Reject emails that fail DMARC

DmarcResult Properties

Property	Type	Description
`result`	`String`	DMARC check result: pass, fail, none
`domain`	`String`	From domain being checked
`policy`	`String`	Domain’s DMARC policy: `none`, `quarantine`, or `reject`
`aligned`	`Boolean`	Whether SPF/DKIM results align with the From header domain

DmarcResult Methods

Method	Return Type	Description
`getResult()`	`String`	Returns the DMARC result
`getDomain()`	`String`	Returns the From domain
`getPolicy()`	`String`	Returns the domain’s DMARC policy
`getAligned()`	`Boolean`	Returns alignment status (may be null)
`isAligned()`	`boolean`	Convenience: true if aligned, false otherwise

DMARC Example

Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

DmarcResult dmarc = email.getAuthResults().getDmarc();
if (dmarc != null) {
    assertThat(dmarc.getResult()).isEqualTo("pass");
    assertThat(dmarc.getDomain()).isEqualTo("example.com");

    System.out.printf("DMARC %s (policy: %s)%n",
        dmarc.getResult(), dmarc.getPolicy());
}

Reverse DNS

Verifies the sending server’s IP resolves to a hostname that matches the sending domain.

Reverse DNS Result Structure

ReverseDnsResult reverseDns = email.getAuthResults().getReverseDns();

if (reverseDns != null) {
    System.out.println(reverseDns.isVerified()); // true if verified, false otherwise
    System.out.println(reverseDns.getIp());       // IP address being validated
    System.out.println(reverseDns.getHostname()); // Resolved hostname
}

ReverseDnsResult Properties

Property	Type	Description
`verified`	`boolean`	Whether reverse DNS verification passed
`ip`	`String`	IP address of the sending server
`hostname`	`String`	Resolved hostname from PTR record

ReverseDnsResult Methods

Method	Return Type	Description
`isVerified()`	`boolean`	Returns true if reverse DNS is verified
`getIp()`	`String`	Returns the IP address being validated
`getHostname()`	`String`	Returns the resolved hostname

Reverse DNS Example

Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

ReverseDnsResult rdns = email.getAuthResults().getReverseDns();
if (rdns != null) {
    System.out.printf("Reverse DNS: %s for %s -> %s%n",
        rdns.isVerified() ? "verified" : "not verified",
        rdns.getIp(), rdns.getHostname());

    if (rdns.isVerified()) {
        System.out.println("Reverse DNS verification passed");
    }
}

Validation Helper

The validate() method provides a summary of all authentication checks:

AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

System.out.println(validation.isFullyAuthenticated()); // All checks passed
System.out.println(validation.isPassed());             // Alias for isFullyAuthenticated()
System.out.println(validation.hasSpf());               // SPF check passed
System.out.println(validation.hasDkim());              // DKIM check passed
System.out.println(validation.hasDmarc());             // DMARC check passed
System.out.println(validation.hasReverseDns());        // Reverse DNS check passed
System.out.println(validation.getPassed());            // List of passed checks
System.out.println(validation.getFailed());            // List of failure reasons
System.out.println(validation.getFailures());          // Alias for getFailed()

AuthValidation Methods

Method	Return Type	Description
`isFullyAuthenticated()`	`boolean`	True if all checks passed and at least one exists
`isPassed()`	`boolean`	Alias for isFullyAuthenticated()
`hasSpf()`	`boolean`	SPF check passed
`hasDkim()`	`boolean`	At least one DKIM signature passed
`hasDmarc()`	`boolean`	DMARC check passed
`hasReverseDns()`	`boolean`	Reverse DNS check passed
`getPassed()`	`List<String>`	List of passed check names
`getFailed()`	`List<String>`	List of failure descriptions
`getFailures()`	`List<String>`	Alias for getFailed()

Validation Examples

All checks pass:

AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

// validation.getPassed() = ["SPF", "DKIM", "DMARC", "ReverseDNS"]
// validation.getFailed() = []
// validation.isFullyAuthenticated() = true

assertThat(validation.isFullyAuthenticated()).isTrue();
assertThat(validation.getFailed()).isEmpty();

Some checks fail:

AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

// validation.getPassed() = ["DKIM", "ReverseDNS"]
// validation.getFailed() = ["SPF: fail", "DMARC: fail"]
// validation.isFullyAuthenticated() = false

if (!validation.isFullyAuthenticated()) {
    System.err.println("Authentication failures:");
    for (String failure : validation.getFailed()) {
        System.err.println("  - " + failure);
    }
}

Testing Patterns

Strict Authentication

@Test
void shouldPassAllAuthenticationChecks() {
    sendEmail(inbox.getEmailAddress());

    Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

    assertThat(validation.isFullyAuthenticated()).isTrue();
    assertThat(validation.hasSpf()).isTrue();
    assertThat(validation.hasDkim()).isTrue();
    assertThat(validation.hasDmarc()).isTrue();
}

Lenient Authentication

@Test
void shouldHaveValidDkimSignature() {
    sendEmail(inbox.getEmailAddress());

    Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    List<DkimResult> dkim = email.getAuthResults().getDkim();

    // Only check DKIM (most reliable)
    assertThat(dkim).isNotNull();
    assertThat(dkim).isNotEmpty();
    assertThat(dkim.get(0).getResult()).isEqualTo("pass");
}

Handling Missing Authentication

@Test
void shouldHandleEmailsWithoutAuthentication() {
    Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

    AuthResults auth = email.getAuthResults();

    // Auth may be null for some email sources
    if (auth != null) {
        AuthValidation validation = auth.validate();

        // Log results for debugging
        if (!validation.isFullyAuthenticated()) {
            System.out.println("Auth failures (expected for test emails): "
                + validation.getFailed());
        }
    }
}

Testing Specific Checks

class EmailAuthenticationTest {
    private Inbox inbox;
    private Email email;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        inbox = client.createInbox();
        sendEmail(inbox.getEmailAddress());
        email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    }

    @AfterEach
    void tearDown() {
        inbox.delete();
    }

    @Test
    void shouldPassSpfCheck() {
        SpfResult spf = email.getAuthResults().getSpf();
        if (spf != null) {
            assertThat(spf.getResult()).isIn("pass", "neutral", "softfail");
        }
    }

    @Test
    void shouldPassDkimCheck() {
        List<DkimResult> dkim = email.getAuthResults().getDkim();
        if (dkim != null && !dkim.isEmpty()) {
            boolean anyPassed = dkim.stream()
                .anyMatch(d -> "pass".equalsIgnoreCase(d.getResult()));
            assertThat(anyPassed).isTrue();
        }
    }

    @Test
    void shouldPassDmarcCheck() {
        DmarcResult dmarc = email.getAuthResults().getDmarc();
        if (dmarc != null) {
            assertThat(dmarc.getResult()).isIn("pass", "none");
        }
    }
}

Why Authentication Matters

Production Readiness

Testing authentication catches issues like:

Misconfigured SPF records - emails rejected by Gmail/Outlook
Missing DKIM signatures - reduced deliverability
DMARC failures - emails sent to spam
Reverse DNS mismatches - flagged as suspicious

Real-World Example

@Test
void shouldHaveProductionReadyEmailConfiguration() {
    app.sendWelcomeEmail(inbox.getEmailAddress());

    Email email = inbox.waitForEmail(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

    // In production, these should all pass
    if (!validation.isFullyAuthenticated()) {
        System.err.println("Email authentication issues detected:");
        validation.getFailed().forEach(f -> System.err.println("   " + f));
        System.err.println();
        System.err.println("Action required:");

        if (!validation.hasSpf()) {
            System.err.println("- Fix SPF record for your domain");
        }
        if (!validation.hasDkim()) {
            System.err.println("- Configure DKIM signing in your email service");
        }
        if (!validation.hasDmarc()) {
            System.err.println("- Add/fix DMARC policy");
        }
    }

    // Fail test if authentication fails
    assertThat(validation.isFullyAuthenticated()).isTrue();
}

Troubleshooting

No Authentication Results

AuthResults auth = email.getAuthResults();

if (auth == null) {
    System.out.println("No authentication results available");
    System.out.println("This may happen for:");
    System.out.println("- Emails sent from localhost/internal servers");
    System.out.println("- Test SMTP servers without authentication");
    return;
}

if (auth.getSpf() == null && auth.getDkim() == null && auth.getDmarc() == null) {
    System.out.println("No authentication performed");
}

All Checks Fail

AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

if (!validation.isFullyAuthenticated()) {
    System.err.println("Authentication failed: " + validation.getFailed());

    // Common causes:
    // 1. No SPF record: Add "v=spf1 ip4:YOUR_IP -all" to DNS
    // 2. No DKIM: Configure your mail server to sign emails
    // 3. No DMARC: Add "v=DMARC1; p=none" to DNS
    // 4. Wrong IP: Update SPF record with correct server IP
}

Understanding Failure Reasons

AuthValidation validation = email.getAuthResults().validate();

for (String failure : validation.getFailed()) {
    if (failure.contains("SPF")) {
        System.out.println("Fix SPF: Update DNS TXT record for your domain");
    }
    if (failure.contains("DKIM")) {
        System.out.println("Fix DKIM: Enable DKIM signing in your email service");
    }
    if (failure.contains("DMARC")) {
        System.out.println("Fix DMARC: Add DMARC policy to DNS");
    }
    if (failure.contains("ReverseDNS")) {
        System.out.println("Fix rDNS: Configure PTR record for mail server IP");
    }
}

Debug Helper Method

void debugAuthResults(Email email) {
    AuthResults auth = email.getAuthResults();
    if (auth == null) {
        System.out.println("No authentication results");
        return;
    }

    SpfResult spf = auth.getSpf();
    System.out.println("SPF: " + (spf != null ? spf.getResult() : "N/A"));

    List<DkimResult> dkim = auth.getDkim();
    System.out.println("DKIM: " + (dkim != null && !dkim.isEmpty()
        ? dkim.get(0).getResult() : "N/A"));

    DmarcResult dmarc = auth.getDmarc();
    System.out.println("DMARC: " + (dmarc != null ? dmarc.getResult() : "N/A"));

    ReverseDnsResult rdns = auth.getReverseDns();
    System.out.println("rDNS: " + (rdns != null ? rdns.isVerified() : "N/A"));

    AuthValidation validation = auth.validate();
    System.out.println("Passed: " + validation.getPassed());
    System.out.println("Failed: " + validation.getFailed());
}

Next Steps

Email Authentication Guide - Testing authentication in depth
Email Objects - Understanding email structure
Testing Patterns - Real-world testing examples
Gateway Security - Understanding the security model